What does Psalm chapter 69 mean?
The title of this psalm refers to some type of musical leader. It also notes the Hebrew word sō'sannim, or "lilies," which may refer to a tune to which the psalm could be sung. Another example of this same reference is in the title verse of psalm 45.This is one of the "imprecatory" psalms which call on God to harm His enemies. Other examples are Psalms 5, 10, 17, 35, 58, 59, 70, 79, 83, 109, 129, 137, and 140. These songs express desire to see the Lord do justice—they are not promises that the psalmist will act in revenge. Believers should take such feelings to God and submit them to His will (Romans 12:19). He graciously allows us to vent our frustrations to Him (Habakkuk 1:2–4), guiding us to deeper trust. This is also one of the most cited psalms in the New Testament (John 2:17; 15:25; Romans 11:9–10; Acts 1:20).
The psalm begins with David's state of mind during a troubling time. In this segment, and the psalm in general, he often depicts a sense of being overwhelmed using references to drowning or being consumed by a flood. Of course, he did not wait until now to begin praying. Yet the first line indicates David's sense that his situation is at a critical point. He is "up to his neck" in persecution and danger as he cries out for God's salvation (Psalm 69:1–3).
David does not claim to be sinless; he confesses that he has done wrong and that those acts cannot be hidden from God. Yet now, his enemies are numerous. Their attacks have no reasonable basis. He is not being punished for his own sins (1 Peter 3:17). Instead, these opponents lie and conspire to destroy him. David credits their hatred to his own loyalty to God. Even close friends and family are betraying him. These people slander God, and David takes those as personal offenses. One statement in this section is cited in the gospel of John regarding Jesus' enthusiasm for His Father's reputation (John 2:17). Every aspect of David's faith is being mocked and ridiculed—even by community leaders who sit at the city gates (Psalm 69:4–12).
Because of these intense pressures, David calls on God for salvation. Even though he has been waiting and asking (Psalm 69:3), he has faith enough to wait longer if that is the Lord's will. David anchors his prayers for rescue in God's mercy, not his own perfection (Psalm 69:5). He again uses images of being overwhelmed. No one on earth is willing to help David; in fact, those who claim to comfort him instead bring poisoned food and vinegar (Psalm 69:13–21).
Midway through his psalm, David changes his focus. Here, he calls directly on the Lord to bring harsh punishment to his enemies. This section is why the song is considered one of the "imprecatory" psalms. David's requests cover virtually every part of his enemies' existence: their security, homes, knowledge, and bodies. He is not planning to take these actions himself; these are prayers that God would accomplish such things. Even further, David calls on God to end the lives of these persecutors and deny them eternal life. In the meantime, David is in agony and begs to be rescued (Psalm 69:22–29).
Despite his troubles, David is sure that the Lord will come through with salvation. He looks ahead, with full assurance, expecting to worship the Lord with both praise and sacrifices. Since the Lord cares for the persecuted, David calls on all creation to honor God. He also looks forward in hope to a time when God's people will live in their Promised Land in peace (Psalm 69:30–36).