What does Luke 2:47 mean?

Luke makes it clear that Jesus' mental and physical development occurred in the same natural way as would any other child (Luke 2:40, 52). His life was entirely free from sin (Hebrews 4:15; 1 Peter 2:22), but it was also fully human. This means Jesus grew and learned over the course of His life. That He would ask questions, for the purpose of learning (Luke 2:46), is entirely consistent with His incarnate divinity and sinless nature.

At the time of this incident, Jesus is twelve years old, yet His depth of wisdom is noteworthy. This profound insight will continue into His adult ministry—to the frustration of Jerusalem's religious leaders (Mark 1:22; 12:34). In the moment, however, His mother, Mary, will be more frustrated than impressed (Luke 2:48).