What does Proverbs chapter 31 mean?

The first nine verses of this chapter contain wisdom given to a king named Lemuel, as spoken by his mother. This fits with other mentions in the book of Proverbs which commend a godly mother's instructions (Proverbs 1:8; 6:20; 30:17). Lemuel's mother searches for the right words for her son, then delivers some key advice. Among these are warnings about the destructive dangers of adultery and intoxication. A king who deals in those risks destruction and failure as a leader. Instead, his focus ought to be on lending his abilities to those who are weak (Proverbs 31:1–9).

Among the more famous passages in the Bible, the end of Proverbs chapter 31 describes an "excellent wife." She is remarkable, in part, because of how rare it is to find such qualities (Proverbs 20:6). Over the course of the passage, she is noted with traits directly opposed to the "fools" mentioned in earlier passages. The list is not meant to reserve these qualities for women, only. Nor is the meaning that these traits, alone, determine a woman's worth. Rather, these speak of attributes any person would benefit from, and mark ideals to which they should aspire (Proverbs 31:10).

This ideal woman is trustworthy, hardworking, diligent, prepared, caring, kind, wise, and honorable. Some depictions include traits stereotypically—and inaccurately—considered to be masculine, such as business savvy or strength. A woman with the characteristics described in this poem is honored by both her family and the wider community (Proverbs 31:11–31).