Exodus 10:22
ESV
So Moses stretched out his hand toward heaven, and there was pitch darkness in all the land of Egypt three days.
NIV
So Moses stretched out his hand toward the sky, and total darkness covered all Egypt for three days.
NASB
So Moses reached out with his hand toward the sky, and there was thick darkness in all the land of Egypt for three days.
CSB
So Moses stretched out his hand toward heaven, and there was thick darkness throughout the land of Egypt for three days.
NLT
So Moses lifted his hand to the sky, and a deep darkness covered the entire land of Egypt for three days.
KJV
And Moses stretched forth his hand toward heaven; and there was a thick darkness in all the land of Egypt three days:
NKJV
So Moses stretched out his hand toward heaven, and there was thick darkness in all the land of Egypt three days.
What does Exodus 10:22 mean?
The description here uses two Hebrew root words for emphasis. One is apēlāh, the other is hōsek. Both refer to darkness in different ways. This resembles English expressions such as "pitch black" or "jet black," as pitch and jet are both materials noted for their deep, dark, black color. All of these phrases are meant to mean "as dark as possible." Many interpreters take this to mean that the ninth plague on Egypt (Exodus 7:21; 8:6, 17, 24; 9:6, 10, 24; 10:14) supernaturally blocks light and every person is blinded (Exodus 10:23).At the same time, the expressions used here may not be absolutely literal. Sandstorms and other conditions can block virtually all light from the sun. One of the recent disasters was a vicious storm of hail and lightning (Exodus 9:23–25). It may be that things like torches and lamps still worked, but the people were terrified to leave their homes for fear of what was happening.
Either way, this makes a direct attack on ancient Egyptian religion. Ra, the Egyptian sun god, supposedly had power over such things. This disaster proves this to be untrue. To make the point even clearer, territory settled by Hebrew slaves has plenty of light. This is another explicit distinction made around God's people (Exodus 8:22; 9:4, 7, 26). Egypt has held the Israelites as slaves (Exodus 1:11–14) and they are now paying the price. Their king has been commanded to release the Hebrews (Exodus 5:1; 7:16; 8:1, 21; 9:1, 13; 10:3). He has been obstinate (Exodus 5:2; 7:13–14, 22; 8:15, 19, 32; 9:7, 35; 10:20).
Exodus 10:21–29 explains the ninth plague. A supernatural darkness falls on Egypt. It seems that no light source could penetrate this darkness; the Egyptian people are forced to shelter in place for three days. Yet again, this trouble does not affect the Israelite slaves who live in Goshen. Pharaoh once again tries to negotiate, this time offering to let the people leave if they leave their livestock. Moses refuses, saying they must take everything. The Egyptian king dismisses Moses with a threat to kill him if they ever meet in person again. Moses seems to accept this without concern.
Moses warns Pharaoh that an eighth plague will come if the Hebrew slaves are not set free. This will be the worst locust invasion the nation will ever see. Pharaoh's advisors beg him to negotiate. He offers to release only Israelite men, which Moses rejects. The locust plague eradicates everything that survived the earlier hailstorm. Pharaoh pleads for relief, only to break his promise once again when the danger has passed. Next come three days of intense darkness. Pharaoh once again tries to arrange a partial release. When Moses refuses, Pharaoh threatens to kill him if he ever comes back.